how to basic physics

so today Mr Kwek and I had a deep deep talk.

and I know the recent how to basics are horrible, so here is a how to basic physics to make up for the crappy ones.

PHYSICS. 3SF EVERYTHING. REMEMBER.

Physical Quantities √
Kinematics √
Dynamics √
Mass, Weight and Density √
Turning Effect of Forces √
Work, Energy and Power √
Pressure √
Kinetic Theory of Matter √
Light √
Waves √
Electromagnetic Spectrum √
Sound √
Temperature √

1m/s = 3.6km/h
1g/cm^3 = 1000kg/m^3

Physical quantity: a quantity that can be measured, consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit.
Prefixes: nano(n) 10^-9, micro(µ) 10^-6, milli(m) 10^-3, centi(c) 10^-2, deci(d) 10^-1, kilo(k) 10^3, mega(M) 10^6, giga(G) 10^9.
Ruler: eye placed vertically above mark to avoid parallax error, middle of the ruler used to avoid zero error (worn-out ends).
Vernier calliper: zero error = positive (>0) or negative (<0), reading = main scale (1mm) + vernier scale (0.1mm), corrected reading = reading - zero error.
Micrometer screw gauge: tighten using ratchet, zero error = positive (>0) or negative (<0), reading = main scale (0.5mm) + thimble scale (0.01mm), corrected reading = reading - zero error.
Pendulum: oscillation = 1 complete to-and-fro motion, period = time taken for 1 complete oscillation. f = 1/T, f is frequency (Hz), T is period (s).
Stopwatch: 0.01s, human reaction time.

Scalar: magnitude only (distance, speed, mass, energy, time).
Vector: magnitude and direction (displacement, velocity, acceleration, force).
Distance: total length covered by an object, irrespective of direction of motion.
Speed: distance moved per unit time. v = d/t, v is speed (m/s), d is distance (m), t is time taken (s). average = total distance/total time = (initial speed + final speed)/2 if uniform acceleration.
Displacement: straight-line distance moved in a specified direction from reference (initial) point.
Displacement-time graph: gradient = velocity.
Velocity: rate of change of displacement. v = d/t, v is velocity (m/s), d is displacement (m), t is time taken (s).
Velocity-time graph: gradient = acceleration, area under graph = distance/displacement.
Acceleration: rate of change in velocity, uniform acceleration = constant rate of change in velocity. a = (v-u)/t, a is acceleration (m/s^2), v is final velocity (m/s), u is initial velocity (m/s), t is time taken (s).
Free-fall through air: acceleration = 10m/s^2, decreases to terminal (constant) velocity (0m/s^2), which is achieved when weight = air resistance.

Newton's 1st Law: every object will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it.
Newton's 2nd Law: when a resultant force acts on an object of a constant mass, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force. F = ma, F is resultant force (N), m is mass (kg), a is acceleration (m/s^2)
Newton's 3rd Law: if body A exerts a force on body B, body B will exert an equal and opposite force on body A.
Friction: contact force that opposes/tends to oppose motion between surfaces in contact.
Effects of forces on motion: moves a stationary object, stops a moving object, changes the speed of a moving object, changes the direction of a moving object.
Vector diagram: 2 vectors pointing in the same direction, |magnitude| of A + |magnitude| of B = resultant force. 2 vectors pointing in opposite directions, |magnitude| of A - |magnitude| of B = resultant force, 2 vectors pointing in other directions, scale diagram.
Free body diagram: forces of different nature acting on 1 body (weight, normal force, friction, push/pull), uniform acceleration/stationary = equal magnitude.
Action-reaction pair: forces of the same nature acting on 2 bodies, same magnitude, in a pair. A exerts force on B, B exerts force on A.
Tension: opposite force on stationary object, balanced forces. use vector diagram and free body diagram.

Mass: amount of matter in a body.
Weight: gravitational force/gravity acting on an object. W = mg, W is weight (N), m is mass (kg), g is gravitational field strength (N/kg).
Gravitational field: region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.
Gravitational field strength: gravitational force acting per unit mass (10N/kg on earth).
Inertia: Reluctance of an object to change its state of rest or motion due to its mass.
Density: mass per unit volume. ρ = m/v, ρ is density (kg/m^3). m is mass (kg), v is volume (m^3).
Weighing machine: measures action force of object on weighing machine/reaction force of weighing machine on object, not mass/weight.

Moment: product of the force and perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force. moment = Fd, moment (Nm), F is force (N), d is perpendicular distance (m).
Principle of Moments: when a body is in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments about a pivot is equal to the sum of anti-clockwise moments about the same pivot.
Centre of gravity: point through which an object's whole weight appears to act (pivot/directly below pivot in a body in equilibrium). punch 3 holes at the edge of the laminar, hang the laminar from a pin, hang a plumbline from the same pin, mark the vertical line made by the plumbline on the laminar, repeat for the 2 other holes, centre of gravity is at the intersection point of the 3 vertical lines. laminar should be free to turn about the pin, holes must be small so not too much of the laminar is removed.
Stability: measure of an object's ability to return to its original position after it is slightly displaced, stable equilibrium = object regains original position after displaced, unstable equilibrium = object moves further away when it is displaced, neutral equilibrium = object stays in new position when it is displaced, to increase stability, lower position of centre of gravity and increase base area.

Energy: capacity to do work.
Principle of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another. the total energy in an isolated system is constant.
Energy transformations: battery (chemical potential -> electrical), radio (electrical -> sound), light bulb (electrical -> light + thermal), turbine (kinetic -> electrical).
Efficiency: efficiency = (useful energy output/total energy input) x 100%, efficiency (%), useful energy output (J), total energy input (J).
Work done: product of a constant force on an object and the distance* moved by the object in the direction of the force. W = Fx, W is work done (J), F is constant force (N), s is distance moved (m).
*if object is moving upwards, use vertical distance only (TBC). if object is moving sideways (height does not change), use horizontal distance. friction = frictional force x distance over which friction is exerted.
Kinetic energy**: KE = (1/2)mv^2, KE is kinetic energy (J), m is mass of body (kg), v is speed of body (m/s).
Gravitational potential energy**: GPE = mgh, GPE is gravitational potential energy (J), m is mass of body (kg), g is gravitational field strength (N/kg), h is height above ground (m).**gain in KE = loss in GPE, gain in GPE = loss in KE.
Power: rate of work done/energy conversion. P = W/t = E/t, P is power (W), W is work done (J), t is time taken (s), E is energy converted (J).

Pressure: force acting per unit area. p = F/A = hρg, p is pressure (Pa), F is force (N), A is area (m^2), h is height (m), ρ is density (kg/m^3), g is gravitational field strength (N/kg).
Hydraulic press: Fx x dx = Fy x dy, F is force exerted on piston (N), d is distance moved by piston (m)
Kinetic model of matter: tiny particles that make up matter are always in continuous random motion. Properties: particle arrangement (density), particle movement (volume, shape, compressibility).
Brownian motion: observed random movement of particles in a fluid, speed of particles increases with increased temperature, air particles bombard smoke particles continuously causing smoke particles to move continuously in random directions.
Gas: p ∝ T, p ∝ 1/V, V ∝ T, p is pressure (Pa), T is temperature (ºC), V is volume (m^3)

Light: speed in vacuum = 3 x 10^8m/s
1st law of reflection: incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane at the point of incidence.
2nd law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection. i = r, i is angle of incidence (º), r is angle of reflection (º).
Properties of image: same size, upright, laterally inverted, same distance behind the mirror as object is in front of the mirror, virtual.
Refraction: bending of light as it passes from one optical medium to another. n = c/v, n is refractive index, c is speed of light in vacuum, v is speed of light in medium.Refractive index: vacuum/air = 1, water = 1.33
1st law of refraction: incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane.
2nd law of refraction Snell's Law: for 2 given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to sine of the angle of refraction is a constant. ni x sin(i) = nr x sin(r), i is angle of incidence (º), r is angle of reflection (º), n is refractive index.Critical angle: angle of incidence in an optically denser medium which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90º. sin(c) = 1/n, c is critical angle (º), n is refractive index.
Total internal reflection: light ray travels from optically denser medium to optically less dense medium, angle of incidence is greater than critical angle.
Optical fibres: carry more information over long distance than copper wire, less signal loss, highly resistant to electromagnetic interference thus noise free.
Focal length = distance between the optical centre and focal point.

, f is focal length.


Wave: source = vibration/oscillation, transfer energy from one point to another without transferring the medium, transverse (travel perpendicular to direction of vibration) and longitudinal (travel parallel to direction of vibration).
Terms: amplitude = maximum displacement of a point from its rest position (m), wavelength = shortest distance between any two points in phase (crests and troughs, compressions and rarefactions) (m), period* = time taken to produce one complete wave (s), frequency* = number of complete waves produced per second and depends on source of the wave, wavefront = imaginary line on a wave that joins all adjacent points that are in phase.
*f = 1/T, f is frequency (Hz), T is period (s).Speed: distance travelled by a wave per second. v = λ/T = fλ, v is wave speed (m/s), λ is wavelength (m), T is period (s), f is frequency (Hz).
Water waves: reflection and refraction (shallow region, higher friction, lower speed, lower wavelength, towards the normal).

Visible light: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet (increasing frequency, decreasing wavelength).
Properties: transverse waves, do not require a medium to travel, travel at the speed of light in vacuum (3 x 10^8m/s), slow down in water or glass, no electric charge.
EM: radio waves (radio, television, navigation, radar), microwaves (satellite television, microwave oven), infrared radiation (television remote controllers, ear thermometer, intruder alarms, infrared heating), visible light (optical fibres, medical, telecommunication), ultraviolet radiation (sunbeds, fluorescent tubes, sterilisation of medical equipment), x-rays (hospital, produce x-ray images to diagnose fractures, tooth decay), gamma rays (treat cancer) (increasing frequency, decreasing wavelength).
Radiation: EM has the energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules, exposure to ionising radiation can damage biological molecules and lead to abnormal cell division, cause cancers and deformities to a developing foetus (ultrasound is used).

Sound: form of energy that is transferred from one point to another as a longitudinal wave.
Speed: 330m/s, sonic boom = sound produced due to shock waves created due to compression of air when an object is travelling through air faster than sound, higher speed = stronger bonding between particles in the medium, solid then liquid then gas, higher elastic properties, higher temperature.
Echo: repetition of a sound due to the reflection of sound.
Ultrasound: sound with frequencies above the upper limit of the human range of audibility (20Hz to 20kHz), used for prenatal scanning, cleaning in dental treatment, detect cracks in metal structures.
Pitch: higher frequency = higher pitch.
Loudness: larger amplitude = louder sound.

Temperature: how hot or cold an object is.
Heat: amount of thermal energy that is being transferred from a hotter to colder region.
Ice point: pure melting ice RTP, 0ºC.
Steam point: pure boiling water RTP, 100ºC.
Calibrating thermometer: find position of ice point 0ºC, find position of steam point 100ºC, find the difference, divide by 100 to identify 1ºC. (θ-0)ºC = (position at θºC-position at 0ºC)/(position at 100ºC-position at 0ºC) x (100-0)ºC.
Thermometric properties: volume of mercury/alcohol, EMF, electrical resistance of metal, pressure of gas.

~- break -~

DONE! time is now 12.50am. time to sleep.

lynnette leong. siaoliao.

how to basic math II

A1 Equations and inequalities

A2 Indices and surds

A3 Polynomials and Partial Fractions

A4 Binomial expansions

A5 Power, Exponential, Logarithmic, and Modulus functions

G1 Trigonometric functions, identities and equations

G2 Coordinate geometry in two dimensions

I'll be back.

hahahahahahahaha screw it

I'll probably fail A math again

so basically I'm doing almost all the homework I missed out on last time

how to basic chemistry

	need to know the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases and how to draw them
	need to use the particulate models of matter to explain melting, freezing, boiling, condensation and evaporation - Kinetic Particle Theory
	must know how to determine the physical state (eg: solid, liquid or gas) of a substance given relevant information
	must know how to interpret heating curve and cooling curve
	Must know that the rate of diffusion depends on the relative molecular mass
	Different techniques of collection of Gases - upward and downward delivery
	Accuracy for each apparatus – measuring cylinder, burette, pipette, beaker
Take note Fractional Distillation can also be applied to liquid air. Apply the same principles of factional distillation based on boiling point.	Different techniques for separating different types of mixtures Filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, chromatography
	How to check for purity of substance
	impurities lower melting point but raise boiling point
	pure substance melts at a fixed temperature and boils at a fixed temperature
	Impure substance melts and boils over a range of temperature
	pure substance only show one spot on chromatogram
	Know how to calculate Rf value
	know the definition of elements, compounds and mixtures
	know the definition of atoms
	know the differences between compounds and mixtures
	know the definition of molecules
	know the differences between proton, neutron and electron

Metallic Bonding

know how to interpret information given the symbol form of element A X Z
know the definition of isotopes and be able to calculate the relative abundance isotopes have similar chemical properties but slightly different physical properties know how to write the electronic structure of atom know what are valance/valency electrons
know the relationship between electronic structure of atom and its position in the Periodic Table know the formation of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions)
know the formation of ionic bonds and covalent bonds know the various properties of ionic substance and simple covalent substance know why atoms wants to form bonds (in order to achieve the stable electronic configuration of noble
gases) know how to draw “dot and cross” diagram for ionic substance and covalent substance
know how to explain why ionic substance have high mp and bp and can conduct electricity only in molten
and in aqueous state know how to explain why simple covalent substance have low mp and bp and cannot conduct electricity know what is valency (it is different from valence/valency electrons) know how to write formula and balance chemical equations with state symbols including ionic equation Know how to describe the structure of diamond and graphite Know how to explain physical properties of diamond and graphite
know the definition of Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass
know that mole = mass / molar mass know that mole = volume /24 (dm3) [only for gases] – Molar Volume know how to calculate empirical formula and molecular formula know how to calculate percentage composition know that one mole of substance contains 6 X 1023 particles know that no of moles = number of particles / 6 X 1023 know that concentration in g/dm3 = mass / volume (dm3) [only for solution] know that concentration in mol/dm3 = no of moles / volume (dm3) [only for solution]
know how to calculate based on chemical equation {Titration Type of Calculations] Know how to calculate limiting-reagent-type-of-question
Know how to calculate percentage purity ie % purity = pure/impure × 100% Know how to calculate percentage yield ie % yield = actual mass/ theoretical mass × 100% 

General Patterns in Periodic Table
from left to right, elements changes from metals to non-metals elements in the same group have the same number of valance electrons
element in the same period have the same number of electron shells elements which have metallic and non-metallic properties are known as metalloids (eg: silicon) Group I elements
also known as alkali metals need to know the physical properties and the trend down the Group need to know the chemical properties (especially reaction with water and know to write the balanced
chemical reaction) Group VII elements
also known as halogens; exist as diatomic molecules (eg: Cl2, Br2) need to know the physical properties (colour of pure elements and in aqueous solution & the
physical state at room conditions) need to know displacement reaction of more reactive halogens with salt of less reactive halogens and
their colour change during the reactions Group 0 elements
Know that Group 0 elements are unreactive because they have full outermost shells Know some uses of the noble gases
physical Properties of metals differences between pure metals and alloys Know how to draw the structure of alloys and pure metals chemical properties of metals reactivity Series of metals (how different metals react with cold water, steam, hydrochloric acid; thermal
stability of metal carbonates and hydroxides) how to work out the order of metals in the reactivity series based on relevant informationknow in details extraction of iron in the blast furnace and all the equations why metals are recycled Describe sacrificial protect of iron by a more reactive metal eg magnesium

examples of basic oxides, amphoteric oxides, neutral oxides and acidic oxides

definition of strong and weak acids
properties of Acids
Typical Reactions of Acids
acids + reactive metals ! salts +
acids + carbonates ! salts + carbon dioxide + water acids + base ! salts + water reactivity series of metals Types of Oxides

hydrogen gas

know the difference between base and alkali properties of Alkalis
Typical Reaction of Alkalis
alkalis + acids ! salts + water

+

ammonia gas +

water

alkalis + ammonium compounds ! salt
Indicators and pH
know the common indicators and their colour change (litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange and
Universal Indicator) Preparation of Salts
must know solubility table; the 3 methods of salt preparation (precipitation, titration and acids plus excess metal/insoluble metal oxide/insoluble carbonates

Titration related graph questions
Know the conditions for the Haber Process, including explaining them with respect to Le Chatelier’s
Principle.
Meaning of Forward and backward reaction
How is ammonia produced in the Chemistry Lab? – Reaction of Ammonium Chloride
need to know test for cations, anions and gases (including the relevant equation and ionic equations)

No one plan to fail, many fail to plan. Are you ready for End Year Exam 2014?_Prepared by Ms Ong Lee Lian

just study according to the checklist lol.


it's very messy here, so just download the document from ms ong

sorry there aren't actual notes, I very lazy to type and I also prefer hand writing chem notes for some reason

how to basic geography

two topics will be tested: plate tectonics and climate change

read textbook until page 111

lol.

fk lah.

do you know that feeling when you finish reading a book/a series of books

and you're like

holy fking shit.

the ending was sooooo bittersweet

BUT it was the best possible ending ever.

I cannot handle this

I'm so so sorry if you hate me talking about books lol I can't help it I'm liddat

throughout the series that I was reading (The Hollow by Jessica Verday), I was like "eesh it's so sappy and romantic and how does anyone stand writing such a thing" and I also realised I've never actually written any romance stuff before

I also read this series before, in sec 1. but somehow I forgot how it went lol.

I won't give any spoilers, but the ending was the best ending I've ever read. like some books make you want to know more, to wish and hope for a next book to continue the story, or you just hate how the ending is just unnecessarily sad and totally "should not have happened", or the ending is so scripted and cliche. but this... it's complete. it gives me such a sense of closure. but it's so... how do you describe it. it gives me a sense of nostalgia and regret but at the same time, no regrets. it's perfect really. amazing. it's so unbelievably sad and happy.

but the story is quite... chick-lit, if you'd call it that. romance + supernatural mostly. then again, I love supernatural hahaha (it's one of my weaknesses) and a touch of romance (meaning, the plot isn't just two characters looking at each other all the time or whatever, and there's actually some story)

well it's late so I'm gonna go now. I finished all 3 books in a day though so I'm quite satisfied. tomorrow will be chemistry and geography studification.

I should just change this blog to some book review blog right? but no vicunas are cute. google it.

-bookwurm-

Just a little edit: idk what I want to be when I grow up, but I just don't want to have a nine to five job, or have a very non-varied job. Idk why I'm suddenly bringing this up haha. Okay I'm gone.

how to basic biotech

I'm currently trying to do my corrections

nobody answering my questions lol ,_,

okay I'm getting somewhere

so how to basic biotech is just read your notes and remember how to calculate everything

and cry.

You see many well separated colonies on your 16-streak plates. Describe a method you could use to confirm the purity of these separated colonies. [2m]

I won't even try writing notes because

actually I did write notes for LT1 (incomplete though now complete, except no pictures in blog) here they are:

Cells

Bacteria:
Flagella (surface structure) - Helps bacteria to swim towards nutrient-rich regions, light, oxygen-rich areas.
Pili (surface structure) - Exchange of genetic material between cells.
Fimbriae (surface structure) - Helps bacteria to adhere to host tissue/environment.
Glycocalyx - Protection from engulfment by white blood cells and harsh environmental conditions.
Plasmids - Carry genes that help the host cells be antibiotic resistant/be able to digest certain nutrients.
Nucleoid - Codes for genetic information of the bacteria.
Endospore - Resistant to numerous environmental conditions.

Animal/Plant:
Cell vacuoles (plant) - Maintain high internal water pressure, absorb water, aids in the support of the plant, store vital chemicals or waste products.
Nucleus - Stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple linear chromosomes.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Synthesis of lipids.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Synthesis of secreted proteins.
Mitochondria - Matrix contains enzymes for generating ATPs and mitochondrial DNA.
Chloroplasts - Thylakoids contain enzymes and chlorophyll for photosynthesis for glucose production.
Golgi body - Involved in modification, packaging and secretion of materials.

Bacteria/Animal/Plant:
Cell wall - Maintains characteristic shape of cell, prevents cell from bursting.
Cell membrane - Separates cell from environment, allows selected compounds to enter cells and waste to exit, allows proteins to attach to the surface of cells.
Ribosomes - Sites of protein synthesis.
Cytoplasm - Substance in the cell.

Culture of Bacteria

Aseptic Techniques:
Pure culture - Composed of only one strain of microorganism, easy to study the characteristics of the microorganism in detail, contaminants affect the growth of the microorganism of interest/alter their characteristics, any study (research/clinical) requires pure (homogeneous) strains as a start.
Container - Must be covered to prevent entrance of microorganisms on dust particles and on aerosols, cover should not be removed any longer than necessary, use the cover to shelter the container opening during the aseptic transfer, never set the cover down on a contaminated surface.
Growth medium/Container - Must be sterilised as soon as it is prepared.
Instruments - Must not touch contaminated surface, will transfer contaminants to pure culture.
Instruments/Fluids - Must first be sterilised if touching the inside of the container, the sterile medium or the culture, must be sterilised before returning to work area (inoculating loop), must be placed in disinfectant solution immediately after transferring cultures (pipettes), avoid creating aerosols.

16 Streak:
Inoculating loop

Confirm culture purity - 1st round, 2nd round, etc.

Serial Dilution/Spread Plate/Colony Counting:
Calculation -
average colonies/0.1ml/10^-number of transfers
Unit - cfu/ml.
Standard form - _ x 10^_
Spread - 0.1ml.
Plate spreader - L-shaped glass rod.
30 to 300 colonies
1ml=1000µl

Growth Curve:
Lag Phase - Adapting to new environment, build up of cellular components for growth, cells increase in size but do not divide.
Log Phrase - Exponential cell growth, highest reproduction and metabolic rate.
Stationary Phase - Slow down in growth due to depletion of nutrients and increased waste products, death rate = growth rate.
Death Phase - Exponential cell death, death rate > growth rate.

Culture Media:
Defined medium - All components and their concentrations are known.
Complex medium - Contain some ingredients of unknown composition/concentration.

Characterisation of Bacteria

Cell Shapes:
Rod - Bacillus (coccobacilli (roundish), mycobacteria (long, thin), streptomycetes (moldlike, filamentous)).
Spherical - Coccus, (diplococci (in pairs), streptococci (in chains)).
Spiral - Spirillum.
Curved Rod - Vibrio.

Cell Wall:
Gram staining - Use a sterile loop to mix bacteria in water on a slide, air-dry, heat-fix, use crystal violet as primary stain (stains cells blue), iodine as mordant (increases affinity between primary stain and reactive substances in cell), alcohol as decolourising agent (good dehydrating agent) and safranin as counterstain (contrasts with primary stain), Gram +ve (cell wall is 90% peptidoglycan, high amounts of teichoic acids, dark blue), Gram -ve (cell wall is 10% peptidoglycan, outer membrane called lipo-polysaccharides, red)
KOH test - Rapid, suspend a loopful of culture into a drop of 3% potassium hydroxide, Gram -ve (cell will lyse causing its DNA to exude from the cell, can be detected by moving the loop up and down and a thin strand extending between the loop and the KOH emulsion will appear), Gram +ve (no strand of DNA will appear).
Penicillin - Binds with and inhibit the transpeptidases, preventing the cross-linking of the peptidoglycan, bacteria cell walls weakened, burst under osmotic pressure.
Kirby-Bauer - Filter disks impregnated with various antibiotics are placed on agar plate, antibiotics diffuse from disk into agar, establishing concentration gradient, incubate overnight, clear zones around disks where antibiotic inhibits bacterial growth.

Environmental Factors:
Acidophiles - pH 0 to pH 5.5.
Neutrophiles - pH 5.5 to pH 8.0.
Alkaliphiles - pH 8.0 to pH 11.5.
Thermophiles - 60ºC optimum temperature.
Mesophiles - 39ºC optimum temperature.
Psychrophiles - 4ºC optimum temperature.
Obligate aerobe - Need oxygen.
Facultative anaerobe - Prefer oxygen.
Strict anaerobe - Oxygen is toxic.
Microaerophile - <2% to 10% oxygen.
Aerotolerant anaerobe - Ignore oxygen.

Carbon/Energy Requirement:
Photoautotroph - Energy from the sun to break up CO2 molecules and make glucose.
Photoheterotroph - Use light energy to generate ATP, take in organic compounds from the environment.
Chemoautotroph - Synthesise their own organic molecules from the fixation of CO2, energy comes from the oxidation of inorganic molecules.
Chemoheterotroph - Consume pre-formed organic compounds as carbon source, utilises inorganic energy (chemolithoheterotroph) or utilises organic energy (chemoorganoheterotroph).

Biochemical Tests:
Oxidase (Cytochrome C) - Wet filter paper with TetraMethyl-p-PhenyleneDiamine (TMPD), use a sterile toothpick to streak bacteria on filter paper, cytochrome c +ve (strict aerobe, possess cytochrome oxidase, dark purple), cytochrome c -ve (does not possess cytochrome oxidase, colourless/light purple).
Catalase - Young cultures only, use disposable loop to apply bacteria on slide, add a drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide, +ve reaction (possess catalase, can respire with oxygen, strong: easily see bubbles, weak: use 10x objective microscope), -ve reaction (does not possess catalase, cannot respire with oxygen, no bubbles).
Starch hydrolysis - Inoculate starch agar plate (NA + 0.2% starch) with single streak, incubate at 37ºC for 2-3 days, flood plate with iodine solution, +ve reaction (possess amylase (exo-enzyme, degrades starch), clearing observed around growth area), -ve reaction (does not possess amylase, purple).

Industrial Microbiology

Enzymes:
Laundry detergents - Proteases, lipases, amylases (stain removal), cellulase (fabric softening, brightening), Bacillus licheniformis.
Syrup production, soft drinks, bakery, confectionary - amylase (starch to glucose), glucose isomerase (glucose to fructose).

Agriculture:
Nitrogen fixation - Conversion of atmospheric N2 to ammonia (NH3), usually via lightning, some bacteria have enzymes to convert N2 to ammonium salt (NH3+) and nitrate (NO3-), which can be absorbed by plants (most plants cannot use atmospheric N2).

Food:
Yogurt - Lactic acid bacteria (Lactococcus lactis), ferments lactose to produce lactic acids (turns milk into curd).
Cheese - Lactic acid bacteria (Lactococcus lactis), converts lactose into lactic acids (curding).
Wine/beer - Yeast, fermentation of fruit juice/malt grains.
Vinegar - Acetic acid bacteria (Gluconobacter, Acetobacter), partially oxidises ethanol to acetic acid.
Probiotics - The addition of microorganisms in the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value, improve intestinal microbial balance and inhibit pathogens and toxin producing bacteria, prevent and treat pathogen-induced diarrhoea and urogenital infections, adjust/regulate immune response.

I'll go for a break and come back soon.

gene tech and cell culture I will read accordingly to the study guides

YAY tomorrow got 4 hours to revise

I think microbial is the worst topic, so at least I got that outta the way

I go read bye.

answer for last year eoy

-lynn

how to basic social studies

just study any two topics out of the four: Venice, governance, healthcare, Sri Lanka

most likely topic to be tested: Sri Lanka

easiest topic: governance

there we go.

but due to a new source of information, I'll study only Sri Lanka

AHEM.

there you go.

YAY.

SBQ:

inference-
2 inferences, PEEL

comparison-
3 similarities and/or differences, be careful which one
compare content, provenance, tone, purpose*

utility- DO NOT USE "TO A CERTAIN EXTENT"
stepOne say it is useful/not useful, PEEL
stepTwo cross reference to other sources/bg knowledge
stepThree say it is not very useful if possible (reason could be the source is limited), PEEL
stepFour cross reference
stepFive ULTERIOR MOTIVE muahahahhahaha if there is one, aka purpose*, hence not useful

*5As: author, audience, action word, aim, anticipated outcome

how to basic math

EM EOY Topics 2014: (Refer to attached EM Syllabus 4016)
1.1 Numbers and the four operations um. really?
1.2 Ratio, rate and proportion ratio should be okay (remember equal signs), what is rate? _ per second? proportion...
1.3 Percentage sorry what are we supposed to know about percentage? 100% stuff?
1.4 Speed m/s^2
1.5 Algebraic representation and formulae been there done that
1.6 Algebraic manipulation been there done that
1.7 Functions and graphs eheheheheheheheheheh let's revise :>
1.8 Solutions of equations and inequalities equations okay, inequalities..........
1.9 Applications of mathematics in practical situations
Only the following parts:
• use of data from tables and charts
• interpretation and use of graphs in practical situations
• drawing graphs from given data
• distance-time and speed-time graphs (Kinematics) should all be okay, area under speed-time is distance
1.11 Matrices I will revise
2.1 Angles, triangles and polygons does this include trigo? otherwise, revise polygons. what are polygons. forget it
2.2 Congruence and similarity
2.4 Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometry I guess "triangles" don't include trigo. REVISE THIS.
2.5 Mensuration (Including Circular Measure) I should really go check what formulas are given
2.6 Coordinate geometry I hope I know my shit (will revise), remember not to use area formula (shoelace)

okay.

I give up for now.

I'm back!

I have a problem with graphs so here I go:
A(Bx+C)^2+D
Both in (A), right in (B)
Whole thing move (C)
To the left to the left (B, C)
Go up (D)
it's a rhyme I created. it's what happens when the value of each letter is increased.
it's also not a rhyme.
HOLY TRINITY
- y=ax^2+bx+c
- y=a(x-a)(x-b) where a & b are the roots of the eqn
- y=a(x+b/2a)-b^2/4a+c where (-b/2a, -b^2/4a+c) is the turning point
y=logx and y=e^x are always in your right hand
e^x is always happy :), logx is always sad :( and they're both diagonal
y^=x is the sideways one, turning point closer to the left

coord geom:
circles (a,b) is center, (x,y) is point on circle, r is radius
1 standard form: (x-a)^2+(y-b)^2=r^2 (remember to leave as r^2)
2 general form: x^2+y^2-2ax-2by+a^2+b^2-r^2=0
how to? expand 1 to 2, sub in whatever you can, find everything you need. profit
gradient m=(y1-y2)/(x1-x2)
etc formulas that I will write down coz it's hard to type surreh

proportion:
wtf is proportion? like direct and indirect?
y=kx
y=k/x
find k (sub in x and y).

ANGLES/mensuration (in general):
1 DP for DEG, 3 SF for RAD, remember to check calculator mode
so I checked just now the formulas given, so I'll be doing rad shit now
1 deg = π/180 rad
that's all you need to know, the rest of the formulas given.
remember pie is above all divided by 2. as in, 360 is like "all" right so pie is above 360/2 = π/180
and there you get degree to radiant coz who ever wants to reverse their radness? no one
oh and pyramids are base*height/2
and segment (pizza crust) area=r^2(θ-sinθ)/2

indices:
damn hard to type. I write in my notebook jiu hao le ba. you should already know all the indices shit anyway. there are 6 laws.

inequalities:
remember when dividing both sides by -1, the sign flips.

trigo: DEGREE ONLY
SPECIAL ANGLES
sin^2θ+cos^2θ=1 for fun :>
bearings _ _ _ . _ º clockwise from north
acute angle 0º<θ<90º
obtuse angle 90º<θ<180º
reflex angle 180º<θ<360º
all the things like sinθ=sin(180º-θ) etc. (notebook)

log for fun:
x^a = y
log y (base x) = a
Thx Bruce

matrices will be done on notebook

AND WE'RE DONE FOR E MATH + SOME EXTRAS

Oh and polygon angle formula which killed me
Sum of interior angles = (n-2) x 180°, n being the number of sides

and congruence/similarity was tested after all. oh well. ZXF

how to basic chinese

Paper 1: email

死人私人
subject is just 回复：__
亲爱的_：
the nihao mfker shit (William's 别来无恙)
today grandfarer tork to you about deh __
RES as according to what is more impt (7m in total, usually 建议 will be around 3m coz 建议 dabomb）
Tuan Jin: 太阳快下山了／Chi Han: 时间不早了，就此搁笔
煮好祝好！！！！！
not full name

公务 NEW FORMAT (actually more like new way of testing) hahahaha
subject is [action word*] [extremely summarised content]
[surname, dun use full name or you kenna slapped]经理／部长／some official title shit：
no nihao shit, just intro yrself 本人是住在__的居民，名叫[full name]。今日，本人给您写这个电邮的目的是
if required, talk about your situation. try to use 本人 instead of 我 coz it's polite. RES. (7m in total, answer to the qs)
恭维：素闻贵公司 thx Jiawen [if you give any suggestions, use 从善如流，办事效率高 thx Darelyn，if respectable and old, use 德高望重，if teacher, use 桃李满天下 (aka peach pear whole sky down)，if author, use 著作等身, etc etc］／Natalie: 一向非常尽责而从善如流，希望您能接受本人的建议，并请尽快采取行动／立刻采取适当的措施。
if required, ask for reply (希望早日／[specified time]收到您的电邮）
full name 启

*most likely 建议/反映，can be 投诉／邀请

~- short commercial break -~

basically, narrative/descriptive (focus on 心理描写，生动语言）／expository (论点，论据，论证）/bzbd (focus on -ve, less on +ve, 建议建议建议)

narrative:
here have some 修辞手法s from Ni Xu Gang Metta (if you cannot see this, you die liao)
he forgot 夸张
be logical and plan well, equalish intro and ending, detailed body

expository:
开头－要明，要美，要简（100字以内）
顺，逆，引，喻，释，比，问**，记
论证方法：比喻，道理，举例，对比，引用
**设问／反问
说服力 very impt

bzbd:
读了[copy the question]，感触良多。我感到__，我觉得__。
RES
but I forgot the rest. just yolo the shit lol. can use a lot of famous quotes but idk any so it don't affect me. where are those books I bought that time and lost immediately...

~- commercial break -~

PAPER 2

do your green book thing if you have it

look at the barely completed thing over here

do practice

remember PEEL

try not to cry

cry

fail chinese

cry more

TO END OFF ON A POSITIVE NOTE

雄鹰只有在搏击蓝天时，才知道天空是多么辽阔，自己是多么渺小；小溪只有在奔入大海时，才知道海洋是多么宽广，自己是多么微不足道；同样，一个人只有当他学得愈多时，才愈知道学海无涯，自己学到的知识不过是沧海一粟，他才懂得要永无止境地进取。

my study music

I have a few study musics.

currently, I'm listening to this

I have a few others which I'll link here here and here (this one's is a playlist)

shit I just realised they all originate from different countries

tomorrow is chinese. I will post studyness later (might not though, lazy to type in chinese)

I should start panicking about E math already right? and SS oh shit oh shit biotech

ALSO, WHERE IS MY WAVE WS.

kwek sensei pls ,_,

well at least, coz I'm in higher chinese, I'll end an hour before the normal chinese people

I DON'T WANT TO STUDY CHINESE AARGH

how to basic music

first part: practical.

PRACTICE YOUR PIANO (which I haven't)

so goodbye, I'm going to practice now

Nailed it?.. It'll be difficult to do well hahahahahah

how to basic english

"ENGLISH EXAM STRUCTURE CONFIRMED
PAPER 1 1h 50min
_______
SECTION A (as an insert) 10min
- editing
SECTION B 45min
- CONFIRM Speech Persuasive
SECTION C 55min
- 4 Qn Choose 1
- 2 Reflective Qns
- 2 Expository Qns
PAPER 2 1h 50min
_______
NORMAL STUFF
1 visual txt
1 compre
1 another compre with summary at end
PAPER 3 45min dun slp pls
_______
Listening Comprehension"

- Ian Hong Yi En, 2014

thanks Ian

editing should be alright (got 9/10 for the eoy practice paper I tried)

spend only 10 min max

speech persuasive notes:

spend only 45 min max

indentation before each para (basically, 2-finger spacing)

be aware of who you are representing, purpose of the speech, audience and occasion you are speaking at, eg. informal tone for speech in front of classmates (can use "friends"), formal tone for speech in front of schoolmates and teachers and principals (cannot use "friends", use "schoolmates" but not "fellow schoolmates" because it is redundant)

use 1st person, present tense, short sentences, active voice, past tense only when recounting

use 2nd person to direct information to audience and call for action

remember to sound "togetherly" (do not use 3rd person)

introduction- greet (good morning), identify yourself (I am __ of __/as the __ of __), purpose (today, I am here to talk to you about __), "roadmap" (we will look at these aspects: __, __, __)

body- use firstly, next, lastly (3 points required), other good words (now I'll talk about _, let's move on, in addition, furthermore, on the other hand, however, on the contrary, the other side of the coin shows that _), elaboration (statistics, case studies, related experiences, quotes, definitions, rhetorical questions, analogies, highlight problems, causes & effects, consequences & suggest solutions, worst possible scenarios, rebuttals), interesting (emotive words, degree of severity, alliteration eg. the cat caught a catfish, assonance [repetition of vowels], repeat important points)

conclusion- in conclusion/finally/on a parting note, I wish to leave you with this/remember _, I urge you to _/I hope you will _

end with "thank you" in the conclusion paragraph (though I personally think, a different para should be fine)

remember to be realistic and persuasive, like you are trying to get your mum to buy you ice-cream with a well-written elaborated list of reasons why you should get your ice-cream.

I'll stop here for a short while and upload this first :) gonna continue to expository and reflective later

and after that, compre stuff, just do your DIE. practice is impt

expository and reflective... aiyah hard to explain lah. ni zhi dao jiu hao.

expository is like speech writing, but make it more researchy papery

reflective is like fluttery and stuff, make it deep, make it different, make it impactful

REMEMBER (since first exam), CLEAR PENCIL CASE WITH ONLY WHAT YOU NEED

I can't say I don't

I be dieded LOL exams.

I should post notes on this blog yay then I will study and social media at the same time... if blogs are considered social media... it technically isn't very social lol. very one-sided (I do have an ask.fm there at the right side on desktop version though)

I''ll create a separate post for the first one tonight: english.

how to study english ah? dunno lol I try later. maybe after the notes I'll DIE a while

xiele. xinyuan.

if you're wondering what my blog title means.... keep on wondering. future me, if you're reading this and you've forgotten... too bad :P xxxlynn again

edit: after writing the notes shit, I have a to do list right here:

1. DIE

alright!

it was ever

[on mobile] people say

People say it's stupid to put things on the internet, whether sad or happy or just plain stupid. I think it's amazing how I can look back at those posts and relive the past. It's like a chronicle of my life, how I felt, how I portrayed myself, how I thought, how I wrote. Everything. I find it amazing.

Thanks to everyone who has ever been part of my life. It was and is still a wonderful, varied journey.

§lynn§

calculations

I've guesstimated calculated what I need for each subject (%) for EOY to get a 55% for the whole year.

I've also calculated for A1s and distinctions, and I think I'll be roughly a A2 to B3-er this year heheheheheheheheh so noob.

but anyway, here's the 55% one.

EL, HCL, AM, EM, Bio, Chem, Phy, CH, BT

jiayou me :)
lynnicorn

hey.

forgotten?

I think it was worth it.

sorry for not keeping in touch.

there, after a really long time.

it was worth it.

I wish you a good life.

panicking internally

I am trying to study, I really am

it just doesn't work out though

Right Brain/ Left Brain Quiz The higher of these two numbers below indicates which side of your brain has dominance in your life. Realising your right brain/left brain tendancy will help you interact with and to understand others. Left Brain Dominance: (7) Right Brain Dominance: (8) Right Brain/ Left Brain Quiz

In the Light

I hear your footsteps on the concrete pavement
You're wearing your old worn sneakers from last summer
I stood there waiting for you to come closer
You may be a dream but no dream could be sweeter

I can still feel your breath
Warm against my cheek
Whispering those words
Those words as soothing as the breeze

And in the light
Everything is pretty
We'd sit and swing and stare up at the stars
All burning bright

And in the light
Everything is precious
We'd laugh and cry about the things that we feared
In the night

Always in the light in the light in the light

I feel you stop in your tracks and look at me
Like you've forgotten all we've seen and what we've been
The way you held my hand, the way you held it tight
You'd said you'd never let me go, forever, not ever

I can still feel your breath
Warm against my cheek
Whispering those words
Those words as soothing as the breeze

And in the light
Everything is perfect
We'd dance into the freedom of our music
And take flight

And in the light
Everything is present
We'd leave the past and the future all behind
all behind

Always in the light in the light in the light
In the light in the light in the light
Always in the light

how are you feeling, I ask, not expecting a negative answer

so lately I've been reading books I've read last time and rated 5 stars on goodreads

currently reading: Spirit Walker by Michelle Paver (ebook)

books such as Ice by Sarah Beth Durst and Wolf Brother by Michelle Paver (which I listened here: http://www.theguardian.com/books/series/wolfbrother it was quite a different feeling, listening to my first book, and I had to concentrate hard or I'd miss out on parts)

I really loved animal books lol (and I know I had this blog in the phase where I really really super duper loved dragons and everything was dragon themed. there are even some blog posts all about dragon books I believe, back in... idk when)

I still kinda do like animal books heh. fantasy shiz. they make me long to be in their worlds.

now in today's blog post I will first try to write a poem-ish thing, then I will talk about ebooks vs hardcopy

Trapped in the dreams of a storm
I've reached the end of the rainbow
My time has come, I make the wish
The softest touch, the darkest kiss
I step on the bridge of heaven
Bring me away on the breath of the North Wind

inspired by Ice (book mentioned above) as well as my bookshelf in front of me (the titles)

> ebooks vs hardcopy books <

now I don't have a kindle or any devices strictly for ebooks. I do however have a phone (duh) and a computer. some ebooks don't work on my phone though, so it's quite frustrating.

also... shh but I google the books and download them. might be illegal, but I have no money :') sorry

you might ask, how do I find the books? how do I know it's reliable and I'm not downloading some virus?

well I usually start with the name of the book, followed by "download" and "free" and sometimes "pdf" (I like pdfs more than epubs)

then I click on the first website, try to download. if it works, I stop searching, if it doesn't, I go on to the next link. sometimes, though, there really are no copies of the ebook that are online and free to download lol.

aaaand I'm using a mac so I'm trusting that all viruses won't affect me .-. I might be stupid but oh well

(please don't arrest me book officers, if what I'm doing is super wrong, drop me an email and I'll stop yeah?)

let's get on with it.

like I said, I get my ebooks free, so that's a huge plus :D and I can read the book on my phone, which is super convenient to carry around, especially when I'm going out with no bag. the minuses (?) are that I can't read it in school during silent reading (where we all sit down as a school during assembly and read together) and I can't smell and feel the book. I'll explain in a while. also it might be spoiling my eyes as I tend to read my ebooks on my phone in the dark.

now, hardcopy books.

the first proper books I ever read on my own, obviously, were hardcopy books. more specifically, Enid Blyton's books. ever since I touched my first book, I loved the feeling of flipping the pages and smelling the booky papery smell of books, whether new or old. so yes, I love holding hardcopy books and they are just generally more comfortable to read. and I also won't lose my progress, as I can easily stick a bookmark in (or fold the corner of the page down, or remember the page number) or even if I lose my page, I can easily flip around and find it again, whereas in ebooks, I sometimes accidentally close the app, and it would take ages to scroll down to where I last stopped.

also, I can read them during assembly :)

and I can get free books to read at the library :D

negative side: I need time to go to the library (nearest one is at least 7 bus stops away) and also time to choose the books I want. and sometimes I can't find the exact book I want (but I always find other good books anyway... which also pushes my to-read list down). then I have to carry the huge pile of books back home (you know how it is, once you see a book you think you'd like, you can't put it down) and may not be able to finish reading all of them by the renewed deadline. after that, I have to find the time to carry the huge pile of books back to the library to return them.

so you ask, why don't you just go buy some books then?

well... there's a ridiculously small range of books at bookstores around here. and they are all so expensive, I don't have a book budget. a second-hand bookstore? the last time I bought books from one, half of them were M18 books. not exactly desirable, but it could've just been my bad judgement of the book covers and synopsises.

in conclusion.

I will read both, but if I had the money for books, I would buy hardcopy books, not ebooks.

assuming that I can, you know, find the hardcopy books.

can anyone recommend me a bookshop that sells not-selling-anymore books? thanks if you do <3 (which you won't because the blog reader(s) I know don't care for books)

meow
ciao
lynn